U.S. Strikes Iran for 3rd Night, in Return to Open Conflict

President Trump announced a 20 percent fee on cargo shipped through the Strait of Hormuz. Iran said it had attacked two tankers transiting the waterway as the battle to control it intensified.

Follow the latest updates on the U.S.-Iran war and the Strait of Hormuz.

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The U.S. military said on Monday that it had carried out a third straight night of strikes on Iran, hours after President Trump said he would restart a naval blockade of Iranian ports, take control of the Strait of Hormuz and charge heavy fees for ships to transit the waterway.

The U.S. moves — along with renewed Iranian strikes on commercial ships and claims of fresh attacks on American targets in the Middle East — signaled a return to open conflict less than a month after the two sides reached a truce.

U.S. Central Command said that it had concluded its latest strikes just after 10 p.m. Eastern, which was Tuesday morning in Iran, with the intent of degrading Tehran’s ability to attack commercial ships.

Oil prices soared to their highest level in a month on concerns over the intensifying struggle over the Strait of Hormuz, a key conduit for global oil and gas supplies. Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps claimed responsibility on Tuesday for strikes on two supertankers, after the United Arab Emirates said that two of its ships had been targeted by Iranian missiles as they attempted to transit the strait through Omani waters, a route that Iran has warned vessels not to use.

Central Command said the blockade of Iranian ports, which had been in effect from April to June, would restart late Tuesday in Iran. Mr. Trump said the United States would charge a fee on each ship passing through the Strait of Hormuz equal to 20 percent of the value of its cargo, in return for providing security.

His administration had previously insisted that there could be no fees or tolls for the use of the international waterway. Iran’s foreign minister, Abbas Araghchi, posted a retort on social media, saying that Mr. Trump was “absolutely right” that whoever provided safe passage through the strait should be compensated — and then repeated Iran’s claim to that role “forever.”

He added a sardonic coda: “20% is of course too much. We will be fair.”

The intensity of the latest U.S. strikes on Iran was not immediately clear, but Mr. Trump told the conservative radio host Hugh Hewitt, “We’re going to hit them very hard tonight and going to hit them hard tomorrow. And there’s not a damn thing they can do about it.”

The Iranian military said early Tuesday that it had launched new strikes at American military facilities in Bahrain and Jordan. Sirens went off in Bahrain, and Jordan’s military said it shot down four missiles launched from Iran. There were no immediate reports of damage or casualties in either country.

• War powers: Mr. Trump has formally notified Congress that fighting with Iran has resumed, a recognition that the cease-fire has broken down and one that stokes a struggle with lawmakers. Congress has directed the president to either end the war or seek approval to continue it, but Mr. Trump insists he has the sole authority to make that call.

• Market volatility: The price of Brent crude, the international benchmark for oil prices, on Tuesday morning was 12 percent higher than 24 hours earlier, one of the steepest daily increases since the early stages of the war. Analysts at the Eurasia Group said that ship traffic in the Strait of Hormuz was likely to fall further, which would send oil prices even higher. Read more ›

• U.S. sea drones: American forces used unmanned boats in an attack on an Iranian naval installation, the first-ever U.S. offensive operation by sea drones, Central Command said on Monday, in the latest sign of how drones are reshaping modern warfare. Read more ›

Bahrain’s military said it had intercepted a number of Iranian aerial attacks on Tuesday morning, without specifying whether drones or missiles were involved. Emergency sirens, which warn of incoming attacks, were activated three times in Bahrain this morning, according to the interior ministry.

The price of oil is jumping as renewed fighting in the Strait of Hormuz has curtailed energy flows, but whether prices go up or down also depends on China.

China is the world’s largest importer of oil and when it chooses to buy less, it can prevent global prices from rising as sharply. It has slashed purchases in recent months, and data released on Tuesday showed that China’s imports of crude oil dropped again last month, to the lowest level in a decade. Oil imports fell more than 40 percent in June versus the same time the previous year, according to China’s customs agency.

The longer China restrains its imports, the less upward pressure there is on oil prices. But if there is a pickup in demand from China, prices could rise even higher.

Jordan’s military said in a statement published by state media that its air defenses had shot down four missiles launched from Iran early Tuesday. Iran’s military said it had fired missiles at American facilities at an air base in Jordan, saying they had been used to attack Iran. There were no immediate reports of damage or casualties.

U.S. Central Command said late Monday that it had completed its latest wave of strikes on Iran, its third in as many days. U.S. forces struck coastal defense systems and missile and drone sites across the country to “further degrade Iran’s ability to attack commercial shipping,” it said, adding that the targets included Bushehr, Chahbahar, Jask, Konarak, Abu Musa and Bandar Abbas.

Bahrain’s interior ministry said on social media that warning sirens had been sounded in the country, without saying what had triggered them. This was the second time on Tuesday morning that the ministry said these alerts had been activated.

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps said in a statement published by state media that it had targeted U.S. facilities in Bahrain, including communications infrastructure. There were no immediate reports of any damage.

Oil prices continue to climb, with Brent crude, the international benchmark, breaching $85 per barrel for the first time in a month. Oil has soared about 12 percent over the past 24 hours, one of the steepest daily increases since the early stages of the war.

A week ago, oil was trading at around its prewar level, near $72 a barrel. The recent surge has pushed the cost of crude 17 percent above its prewar price. That will feed directly into the price of gasoline, jet fuel and other products derived from oil, and indirectly into a wide range of costs that require energy to produce or transport.

Analysts at the Eurasia Group said in a note that ship traffic in the Strait of Hormuz was likely to fall from 30 to 50 percent of prewar flows to only 5 to 15 percent of prewar levels. As a result, they expect oil to trade at a price of up to $95 a barrel because of the disruptions.

Price of Brent crude oil

How much the international benchmark costs

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps on Monday claimed responsibility for attacks that it said disabled two supertankers in the Strait of Hormuz. In a statement carried on IRIB, the state broadcaster, the Guards Corps said vessels cooperating with the United States and avoiding Iranian waters would face “regret, damage and delays.” The United Arab Emirates earlier said that two U.A.E. tankers had been targeted by Iranian missiles while using Oman’s territorial waters to transit the strait.

Iranian state media reported that Iranian drones struck critical infrastructure at U.S. military bases in Kuwait, damaging communication systems and ammunition depots. Capt. Tim Hawkins, a spokesman for the U.S. Central Command, said the Iranian claims were “lies.”

The United Arab Emirates’ defense ministry said two U.A.E. tankers had been targeted by Iranian cruise missiles while transiting the Strait of Hormuz through Oman’s territorial waters, though it did not say when. The attacks caused the death of an Indian sailor and left eight injured, according to the ministry, which made the announcement just after the U.S. military began a new wave of attacks on Iran. Iran has not claimed responsibility for the attacks on the ships.

The fee that President Trump wants to charge ships going through the Strait of Hormuz would significantly increase the cost of transporting oil and other products through the crucial waterway, shipping operators and logistics experts said.

On Monday, Mr. Trump said the United States would charge a 20 percent fee on all cargo shipped through the strait, as a way to recover the cost of providing military protection to vessels using the waterway.

Some analysts said they doubted whether the fee would come into existence because of the costs it would impose. And for ship operators in the region, the prospect of fees is less of a concern right now than the escalation of the conflict between Iran and the United States in recent days.

Still, the fact that the United States, a longtime supporter of freedom of navigation in the strait and elsewhere, is now pushing for a fee, and the sheer magnitude of the charge, is stirring up concern.

Mr. Trump did not explain exactly how the 20 percent fee would be calculated.

But if it were charged on the value of the cargo, it could more than double the cost of shipping oil through the strait.

Rico Luman, a senior economist specializing in logistics at ING Research, said tanker companies charge around $10 a barrel to transport oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe. Given that a barrel of oil costs around $80, Mr. Trump’s fee could add another $16 per barrel to ship the oil through the strait, Mr. Luman said, taking the overall transportation cost to $26 per barrel.

For a large tanker carrying two million barrels of oil, the fee could add over $30 million in costs. Oil importers would most likely pass on some of the cost to consumers.

The United States and Iran are battling fiercely to win control over ship traffic in the strait, through which a fifth of the world’s oil was transported before the war between the two countries.

The U.S. military is guiding ships through the strait on routes closer to Oman. Iran has objected to the U.S. operation, saying it must control ship traffic. In recent days, Iran struck vessels that appeared to be using the Omani route, prompting the United States to retaliate with its attacks on Iran.

Scores of ships have gone through the strait with Iran’s permission, taking routes close to the Iranian coast. On Monday, Mr. Trump said he was reinstating a U.S. naval blockade of ships that use Iranian ports.

Neil Crosby, head of oil research at Sparta, an energy market analysis firm, said that he was skeptical that the fee would come into existence, but that if it did, it would leave ship operators with a difficult choice. They would have to decide whether to pay the high fee and risk being attacked by Iran, Mr. Crosby said, or ignore the United States and work with Iran.

“I see this as a reason for shipowners to get less comfortable in the region, alongside the attacks,” he said.

Two ship operators said the fee was exorbitant and would exceed the amount they charged for shipping cargo through the strait. They requested anonymity to speak freely about Mr. Trump’s fee.

Vidya Mani, an associate professor at the University of Virginia and an expert on supply chains, said a 20 percent fee would be a “significant expense.” She noted that a voluntary fee to go through the Strait of Malacca, in Southeast Asia, was less than 0.5 percent of cargo value.

Iran has sought to charge ships a fee for going through the strait. It is not clear how many vessels have paid a fee or how much Iran charges.

Commenting Monday on Mr. Trump’s fee, Iran’s foreign minister, Abbas Araghchi, said on X: “20% is of course too much. We will be fair.”

U.S. officials have opposed fees when Iran has sought to collect them, noting that ships were not charged for going through the strait before the war.

In late June, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said: “No country is allowed to charge tolls or fees on an international waterway. That’s existing international law.”

U.S. Central Command said that it had begun a third consecutive night of strikes against Iran ordered by President Trump. “These strikes will continue imposing a heavy cost on Iranian forces and degrade their ability to attack innocent civilians and commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz,” the command said.

American forces have used unmanned boats in an attack on an Iranian naval installation, their first-ever offensive operation by sea drones, U.S. Central Command said on Monday, in the latest sign of how drones are reshaping modern warfare.

Central Command said it had employed three unmanned vessels in Sunday’s attack on the Bandar Abbas naval base, calling the operation against a submarine and ship maintenance facility “the first time American forces have employed sea drones in combat operations.”

A video posted to the Central Command X account showed what appeared to be aerial footage spliced together with a feed from the bow of one of the drones as it approached a pier, before an explosion sent flames, smoke and a shower of sparks into the air.

“Last night’s strikes degraded Iran’s ability to continue attacking commercial shipping,” Central Command said.

Ukraine has made extensive use of naval drones against Russian ships in the Black Sea. Not only has it used them for attacks on other vessels, it has also armed them with antiaircraft weapons and said it had used them to shoot down Russian warplanes and helicopters.

For Ukraine, which was completely outgunned by Russia’s powerful fleet of warships at the start of the conflict, inexpensive naval drones have been a complete game changer.

It was unclear what advantage, if any, sea drones offered compared with conventional missiles for the U.S. attack on Sunday. But the Navy appears to be committed to testing new approaches to missions that do not involve crewed ships.

“Quickly equipping our warfighters with cutting-edge capabilities enhances combat effectiveness, which is why operationalizing these new tools remains a U.S. Central Command priority,” said Capt. Tim Hawkins, a spokesman for U.S. Central Command, which oversees the American military in the Middle East.

“U.S. forces deployed to the Middle East employed several new capabilities over the course of the conflict to get the job done,” Captain Hawkins said. “This instance was no different.”

Central Command identified the sea drones used in the attack on Sunday as Corsairs, a 24-foot-long unmanned boat built by the company Saronic Technologies. The Corsair was the same type of boat used to rescue the two-person crew from a U.S. Apache helicopter gunship that went down near the Strait of Hormuz last month. That was said to be the first U.S. rescue carried out by an autonomous surface vessel.

The Corsair can travel at speeds of up to 35 knots and can carry a load of up to 1,000 pounds more than 1,000 nautical miles.

The United States will resume its maritime blockade of Iran late Tuesday evening local time, according to U.S. Central Command, which is known as CENTCOM and oversees the American military in the Middle East.

“CENTCOM forces will enforce the blockade against vessels transiting to or from Iranian ports and coastal areas,” it wrote in a social media post. “The U.S. military continues to support traffic flow through regional waters for all vessels not violating the blockade.”

Oil prices continued to climb on Monday after an escalation in the Middle East fighting and President Trump saying the United States would take control of the Strait of Hormuz and charge a 20 percent fee on all cargo that passed through the strategic waterway. The price of a barrel of Brent crude, the international benchmark, jumped 9 percent to $83 a barrel. At that price, oil is 12 percent higher than its prewar levels.

President Trump’s latest threat to impose fees on shipping in the Strait of Hormuz contradicts weeks of declarations by his top aides that no country can charge tolls or fees for passage through the vital waterway that has been a contested space in the U.S.-Israeli war against Iran.

Mr. Trump told Fox News Channel’s “Fox & Friends” on Monday that America was “going to get paid for guarding” the strait, adding that the United States “will be reimbursed, at the rate of 20 percent,” for all cargo that passes through the waters. Mr. Trump has made remarks before about the United States collecting tolls in the strait, which for decades has been considered for an international waterway.

He and his aides have not explained how his position squares with repeated contradictory public assertions by the likes of Secretary of State Marco Rubio, who is also Mr. Trump’s White House national security adviser.

Addressing the issue during a visit to the Middle East in late June, Mr. Rubio said: “No country is allowed to charge tolls or fees on an international waterway. That’s existing international law. That’s the way it is in international waterways all over the world, and that’s the way we expect it’ll be here.”

Mr. Rubio spoke before attending a meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, a group of oil-exporting Gulf Arab countries, after which the United States signed a joint statement declaring that the nations “rejected any tolls, fees or attempts to assert control over the strait.”

Vice President JD Vance took the same position on June 18 as he discussed a cease-fire deal between the United States and Iran that was aimed at reopening the waterway. “We believe international waterways should be free of tolls,” he said during a news conference.

But Mr. Trump said on June 20 that the United States could collect tolls. His statement came six days after he signed an agreement with Iran that formally started the cease-fire to allow for talks on a broader peace settlement. The agreement recognized Iran’s power in the strait and said no country would collect tolls for 60 days, though it left the possibility for tolls open beyond that.

In that statement, Mr. Trump said there would be no tolls after that period either, “unless they are imposed by and for the United States of America, should the deal not be completed, for services rendered as the Guardian Angel to the countries of the Middle East for purposes of both past, present, and future reimbursement of costs.”

It was unclear what Mr. Trump meant by “services rendered.” The U.S. military tried to send naval escorts with commercial tankers through the strait in early May, during a tentative cease-fire with Iran, in what the Trump administration called Project Freedom. But Mr. Trump had to shut that down after less than 48 hours because the crown prince of Saudi Arabia objected to the United States using the country’s airspace for the venture.

Early in the war, the Iranian military effectively closed the strait by laying mines and threatening other attacks. That halted most of the export of a fifth of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas, extracted and made by Middle East producers. Iran then began asking shipping companies to pay up to $2 million per vessel for a guarantee of safe passages along a route through the strait that ran close to Iran’s coast.

After the failure of Project Freedom, the U.S. military began a quiet effort to give radio guidance to commercial tankers in order to direct them along a route by Oman’s coast, on the southern side of the strait and opposite Iran’s shore. But Iran attacked three ships traveling in that area last Tuesday, and the U.S. military said it could not guarantee the safe passage of ships. Tanker traffic has plummeted, sending global oil prices soaring.

President Trump formally notified Congress that fighting had resumed in Iran. In a letter sent to congressional leaders on Friday and obtained by The New York Times on Monday, the president wrote that American forces engaged in “defensive strikes against targets within Iran” on July 7.

The notification again stokes the fight between Capitol Hill and the White House over the president’s authority to continue waging war in Iran without congressional approval. Both chambers have already voted to direct the president to end the war or seek approval to continue it, but the White House continues to argue that Trump is acting within his constitutional authority as commander in chief.

A four-year truce between Saudi Arabia and the Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen was in peril on Monday as each party accused the other of launching an attack.

The escalating tensions threatened to open a new front in the Middle East, where the U.S.-Israel war with Iran has spilled across the region over the past few months but has largely bypassed Yemen.

The Houthis accused Saudi Arabia of bombing Yemen’s main international airport on Monday. That attack appeared to be an attempt to prevent an Iranian plane from landing in the Houthi-controlled capital of Yemen, Sana. The Saudi government did not comment on the Houthis’ claims.

After the bombing, the Houthis fired ballistic missiles toward Saudi Arabia, a Saudi military coalition said. The coalition statement said that Saudi air defenses had “dealt with” that threat.

A Houthi military spokesman, Yahya Saree, said that the militia had targeted an airport in Abha, Saudi Arabia, and issued a warning to airlines to stay away from Saudi airspace.

Hans Grundberg, the U.N. special envoy for Yemen, said he was “deeply concerned about the risk of wider escalation.” He added that he was in touch with the parties involved.

“We are urging them to de-escalate and refrain from any actions that would risk a new cycle of violence in Yemen,” he said.

A Saudi-led military coalition had been mired in a brutal war with the Houthis for nearly a decade, until a truce was agreed upon in 2022. The fragile peace that took hold had appeared to be increasingly durable as years passed, and it initially withstood the regional tensions ignited by the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran this year.

While the Houthis launched a handful of attacks on Israel, they did not target Saudi Arabia, a U.S. ally. But tensions between the Houthis and Yemen’s Saudi-backed government started to spike after an Iranian plane landed in Sana’s airport on July 3 ahead of funeral proceedings in Iran for Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the slain supreme leader.

At the time, Mr. Saree, the Houthi military spokesman, said that Saudi fighter jets had entered Yemen and tried to prevent the plane from landing. He said that the Iranian aircraft was a civilian plane that was bringing Yemeni medical patients home from Tehran, and that when it took off again, it was carrying a large Houthi delegation to Tehran to participate in the state funeral.

It was not immediately clear why Saudi Arabia might have objected to the Iranian plane landing in Sana. But Iran in the past has supplied the Houthis with weaponry and military training.

The Saudi-led military coalition has for years enforced a punishing blockade over Yemeni airspace, and flights to and from Yemen remain restricted.

Earlier this month, Mr. Saree warned Saudi Arabia that any violation of Yemeni airspace could prompt a Houthi attack on Saudi airports and vital interests, and pledged that flights between Sana and Tehran would continue “regardless of the consequences.”

Then, on July 4, Yemen’s government issued a statement saying that the “Iranian regime’s operation of a direct flight” to Sana had been “a flagrant violation” of Yemen’s sovereignty.

The same day, a Saudi-led military coalition said that the Houthi militia’s allegations were “nothing but an attempt to divert attention from its grave violations against the brotherly Yemeni people.” The coalition did not mention the Iranian plane, but said that it would respond harshly to any attempts to violate Yemen’s sovereignty.

Those tensions came to a head on Monday with the attack on Sana airport.

Yemen’s Saudi-backed government claimed the attack, saying that it had carried it out in order to prevent another Iranian plane from landing there. However the Yemeni government does not have a functional air force, and relies heavily on military support from Saudi Arabia.

Mr. Saree squarely blamed Saudi Arabia for the attack, and warned in a statement that it signified the end of a “de-escalation phase” between Saudi Arabia and the Houthis.

Iran’s state broadcaster later said that an Iranian aircraft had successfully landed in Yemen’s Hodeidah airport, near the Red Sea, without providing details.

Yemen’s grinding civil war began in 2014, when the Houthis swept into Sana and ousted the country’s internationally recognized government, forcing its officials to flee to the southern city of Aden. The next year, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates began a bombing campaign in an attempt to restore the government.

That campaign failed to displace the Houthis, and Saudi Arabia eventually pulled back from Yemen. The Houthis have since cemented their control of the country’s north, effectively dividing Yemen into two states.

While the internationally recognized government is nominally based in Aden, many of its most senior officials are actually based in Saudi Arabia, and they depend on the kingdom, both financially and politically. Yemen, a deeply impoverished country, is mired in one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises, which was exacerbated by the fighting.

In recent days, ground clashes have broken out between the Yemeni government and Houthi forces in the province of Hodeidah, threatening to reignite the war.

Mohammed Abdulsalam, a Houthi spokesman, on Monday called the attack on Sana’s airport “a major breach of the 2022 truce.” He accused Saudi Arabia in a statement of delaying and rejecting solutions to resume operations at the airport, which had been halted for much of the war under a blockade by the Saudi-led coalition.

Mr. Grundberg, the U.N. envoy, said his priority was to prevent any further deterioration at this sensitive moment.

“Any step that risks widening the confrontation would only deepen Yemen’s suffering and undermine the calm that Yemenis urgently need preserved,” he said.

Saeed Al-Batati contributed reporting from al-Mukalla, Yemen, and Ismaeel Naar from Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

The U.N. agency that regulates international shipping said it opposed any move to impose tolls for safe passage through the Strait of Hormuz, after President Trump said the United States would charge a 20 percent fee on all goods passing through the strategic waterway.

The International Maritime Organization said in a statement that it “condemned the attacks on civilian commercial ships and called for the de-escalation of tensions in the Middle East region.”

Capt. Tim Hawkins, a spokesman for U.S. Central Command, which oversees the American military in the Middle East, said in a brief interview that the military was working out the details and coordination of reimposing the naval blockade, and that U.S. warships would begin enforcing it later today.

President Trump’s threat that the United States could charge fees on ships transiting through the Strait of Hormuz breaks with his own administration’s stance. Last month, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said of the strait: “It’s an international waterway. No country is allowed to charge tolls or fees on an international waterway. That’s existing international law.”

Oil prices climbed back toward $80 a barrel after President Trump said the United States would reimpose a naval blockade on Iranian ports. The effort would further restrict the flow of oil out of the Persian Gulf and tighten economic pressure on Tehran. Brent crude, the global benchmark, is up roughly 5 percent since Friday.

President Trump said on Monday that he was reinstating the U.S. naval blockade on Iranian ports, just over three weeks after ending a monthslong blockade as part of a truce with Iran.

Trump added that the United States would begin charging fees on ships transiting through the Strait of Hormuz, claiming the U.S. would levy a 20 percent fee “for any and all costs necessary” without elaborating on how it would work. In the post on social media, he said the reinstated blockade would prevent “Iran’s ships or customers from entering or leaving.”

The British government on Monday accused an arm of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps of almost certainly directing a wave of attacks against Jews across Europe and took steps to designate the powerful security apparatus as a terrorist organization.

The decision gives the government additional national security powers to prevent terrorist attacks and foreign threats under a new law that includes criminal charges and stiffer prison sentences.

The move is part of Britain’s continued push to forcefully call out the Iranian threat to Britain. The Guards Corps has traditionally targeted critics of the Iranian regime but took a more ominous and violent turn after the start of the U.S.-Israel war with Iran.

“We will never let Britain be a playground for states who want to spread fear, division and violence on our streets,” Prime Minister Keir Starmer said in a statement.

While Britain participated in defensive strikes since the war began, this apparently did not stop Iran from retaliating against Jews in Britain, America’s closest ally.

An Iranian proxy called the Islamic Movement of Companions of the Right, or Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiyya, targeted Jewish communities, journalists and Israeli interests in Britain and across Europe during a two-month stretch from March to May. It claimed responsibility for seven attacks in Britain.

The attacks — including one on ambulances belonging to a Jewish volunteer emergency service in London and explosions at Jewish schools and outside synagogues in Belgium and the Netherlands — triggered fear in Jewish communities, which were already on edge because of rising antisemitism. Britain said that Iran relies on criminal gangs to do the “regime’s bidding overseas,” providing a clue about how Tehran recruits people to mount the attacks.

The government also designated the Iranian proxy and a group under the control of Russian military intelligence using the new law. Britain has previously sanctioned the I.R.G.C.

If approved by Parliament, the government says they will be the first designations made under the 2026 National Security Act.

The decision to label the organizations as terrorist groups comes after federal prosecutors in New York in May charged a commander of Kataib Hezbollah, an Iraqi militia that is a proxy for the Guards Corps, with leading the attacks in Europe and being part of a retaliation campaign by Iran. Kataib Hezbollah has helped Tehran project power across the region.

The complaint accused the militia commander, Mohammad Baqer Saad Dawood al-Saadi, of planning at least 20 attacks against U.S. and Israeli interests in Europe and Canada since late February. Mr. al-Saadi was detained in Turkey and handed over to U.S. authorities. He has since pleaded not guilty.

He was also charged with plotting to attack Jewish sites in the United States, including a synagogue in New York City. And he claimed on a secretly recorded call that he was behind two attacks in Canada that targeted the U.S. Consulate in Toronto and a synagogue, according to the complaint.

Britain implicated the Guards Corps’ Quds Force in the European attacks. The Quds Force is an elite unit known for overseeing Iran’s proxies across the Middle East. In 2020, the United States killed Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani, the head of the Quds Force.

In the case of Russia, the British government banned a network of volunteer operatives and proxies overseen by Russia’s military intelligence service known as the G.R.U.

The government noted that the network — identified as the Volunteer Corps — includes some remnants of the former Wagner Group, a mercenary organization that has fought in Ukraine, Syria and Africa.

Chants of “death to America” from Iranian hard-liners have been heard for decades, but in recent days, officials and clerics close to the government have escalated the rhetoric with threats against President Trump to avenge the killing of their country’s supreme leader.

The calls may reflect Iranians venting pent up anger after the weeklong funeral ceremonies for the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, which were followed by a weekend of escalating U.S. strikes on the country, one expert said. Some mourners at the funeral events held red banners, a Muslim Shiite symbol of vengeance, declaring, “We Will Kill Trump.”

The threats grew louder after a rare statement over the weekend from the leader’s son and successor, Mojtaba Khamenei.

“We pledge that we will avenge your pure blood and the blood of all those martyred in these two wars from the criminal and disgraced killers,” he said. “This revenge is the demand of our nation, and it must certainly be carried out.”

A minority of hard-liners in Iran’s leadership has sought in recent days to thwart diplomacy to broker a lasting peace deal with the United States. As internal tensions in government unfurled last week, Iran’s powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps targeted several commercial ships passing through the Strait of Hormuz, a strategic waterway vital to transporting energy supplies.

That set off new retaliatory airstrikes by the United States as the escalating attacks imperiled a cease-fire reached almost a month ago.

Mr. Khamenei was killed in the opening strikes of U.S.-Israel war on Iran in late February and his son was injured in the attack.

“No one should be surprised, given where we are at, that there will be elements within the Iranian regime that do want the assassination of Trump as the ultimate revenge,” said Ellie Geranmayeh, an Iran expert at the European Council on Foreign Relations. “Is that the majority? I don’t think so. Is that a state policy? I’ve seen no evidence of that.”

She said allowing the hard-liners to “let off some steam” in this way may ease pressure from them to derail the diplomatic efforts to reach a lasting U.S.-Iran peace deal.

Mojtaba Khamenei did not appear in public at any of the funeral events fueling questions not only about his health, but about whether he is really running Iran at this pivotal moment. His call after the funeral was over to avenge his father’s death appears to have given a green light for others to follow with similar threats.

“We must take action against those who ordered, carried out, and assisted in the attempt on our beloved leader’s life, as well as those who targeted our fellow citizens,” Ali Bagheri Kani, deputy secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council, said on Monday, according to Iranian state-controlled media.

A senior cleric close to Iran’s government, Ayatollah Mohsen Araki, issued a “call for revenge” against Mr. Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel.

Mr. Trump declared the unstable cease-fire with Iran “over,” last Wednesday at a NATO summit in Ankara, Turkey, after Iran attacked commercial container ships in the Strait of Hormuz. The United States responded with heavy airstrikes on Iran through the weekend.

Mr. Trump last week said he was Iran’s “number one target.” But Iranian officials have stopped short of specifically calling for Mr. Trump’s death.

“The enemy’s propaganda gestures will not deter us from pursuing justice against them,” said Iran’s foreign ministry spokesman, Esmaeil Baghaei, according to Iranian state media reports on Monday. “We will not hesitate to defend ourselves. However, when and how we respond is a matter that will be determined by the armed forces.

The anger of Iranian hard-liners toward Mr. Trump has built over years. He reimposed harsh economic sanctions on Iran in 2019, which was followed in 2020 by the American assassination of a top Iranian military commander, Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani.

The U.S.-Israel war that began on Feb. 28 has further strangled Iran’s economy.

The public backlash also extended to some Iranians celebrating over the weekend the death of Sen. Lindsey Graham, a Republican from South Carolina who was a staunch supporter of Israel.

“Fortunately, in such matters it must be said that the Angel of Death is just,” Mr. Baghaei said Monday, when asked about Mr. Graham, according to Iranian state-controlled media.

As tensions between Iran and the United States over the Strait of Hormuz escalate, Ebrahim Zolfaghari, the spokesman for Iran’s military central command, warned regional leaders that “any cooperation with the U.S. or logistical support for its invading military will be regarded as an act of war against Iran’s sovereignty and national security,” in a statement published by Iran’s state broadcaster. “Should the conflict expand, the flames of war will engulf all countries in the region.”

Traffic in the Strait of Hormuz has plummeted after Iran’s attack on a Cypriot-flagged container ship over the weekend set off an exchange of strikes with the United States, culminating in President Trump saying he would reimpose the U.S. blockade on Iran.

Just 14 ships passed through the waterway on Sunday in both directions, the fewest in a month, according to figures from Kpler, a maritime data firm.

Mr. Trump said in a social media post on Monday that he would reinstate the U.S. Navy’s blockade of Iranian ports, which would prevent “Iran’s ships or customers from entering or leaving” the strait.

He added that the United States would provide security for other ships in the waterway but would charge a fee at the “rate of 20% on all cargo shipped” for “any and all costs necessary.”

Before the start of the war in late February, an average of more than 130 vessels transited the strait daily. In mid-June, when the United States and Iran signed a preliminary agreement to reopen the strait, traffic spiked. In the seven days starting June 20, nearly 400 ships moved through the strait, the most in a one-week period since the war began.

But hopes for a recovery in shipping quickly faded with Iran’s renewed attacks on ships. U.S. forces launched a round of strikes on military targets in Iran that spilled into Monday. The operation, which used fighter jets, naval vessels, aerial drones and, for the first time, sea drones, aimed to degrade Iran’s ability to attack commercial ships.

As of Monday morning, Iranian ships were moving oil through the Persian Gulf, when other ships were not, said Ami Daniel, the chief executive of Windward, a maritime data company. The imposition of a U.S. blockade, yet again, would completely change the outlook for Iran.

“It’s a giant change,” Mr. Daniel said, referring to Mr. Trump’s comments that the United States would charge a fee for providing security for ships. “The U.S. actually is kind of stepping into the void, if you will, because I don’t think we have seen other countries step in to ensure the safety and security of the trade.”

The threat to ships has risen sharply over the past week, as Iran has increased its attacks on commercial ships. An Indian crew member was still missing on Monday after the Cypriot-flagged container ship, the GFS Galaxy, was hit over the weekend, according to Reuters, which cited Cyprus’s Deputy Ministry of Shipping.

Jakob Larsen, the chief safety and security officer at BIMCO, the world’s largest shipping association, said the memorandum of understanding between United States and Iran was problematic because it diminished the importance of international conventions regulating shipping, which allow for free passage of ships through international waterways. The agreement also did not address fundamental disagreements between the two countries, he said.

“At the same time, Iran retains the capability to target shipping with drones and missiles throughout the strait and surrounding waters, and recent events suggest it is prepared to exercise that capability,” Mr. Larsen said.

Ship traffic through the strait, Mr. Larsen said, is likely to remain low “for as long as the Iranian threat remains intact.”

“It is difficult to say how long it will take to reduce the Iranian threat to an acceptable level,” he added, “as it depends on several factors such as the U.S. capability and effort to physically destroy the threat, and the impact of renewed economic sanctions on Iran.”

President Trump suggested that the United States would continue to strike Iran in response to its targeting of shipping in the Strait of Hormuz. “Every time they send a drone, we hit them very hard,” he said in a phone interview on Monday with Fox News’ “Fox and Friends.”

Trump also claimed that the United States would seek to take control of the waterway and charge other “wealthy” nations for safeguarding passage through it. “We are going to guard it and we’re going to get paid for guarding it,” he said.

Trump has raised the possibility that the United States could charge tolls in the strait as the self-declared winner of the war. On Monday, he did not elaborate on how the U.S. would seek to take control of the strait.

The British government on Monday said it would ban support for Iran’s powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as well as another group it blamed for attacks on Jewish sites in Britain.

Angela Eagle, security minister, said in a statement that the Islamic Movement of the Companions of the Right, also known as Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiyah, had publicly claimed seven attacks in Britain, including one on four ambulances run by a Jewish organization, in London in March.

Members of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Quds Force “almost certainly directed I.M.C.R. attacks across Europe,” she said. The Quds Force is an elite unit within the Revolutionary Guards, tasked with overseeing the country’s foreign operations.

The Trump administration signed a nominal cease-fire with Iran last month, but the military attacks have not stopped. Over the past week, American and Iranian forces have exchanged a series of strikes near the Strait of Hormuz, the Persian Gulf waterway that long served as a critical conduit for global oil and gas shipments.

The preliminary deal was supposed to pave the way to end the fighting and reopen the Strait of Hormuz, which Iran effectively blockaded during the war. But neither has come to pass — in part because of the vague language in that initial agreement.

Seeking to preserve its grip over the strait, Iran is firing at commercial ships that travel along routes without its permission. U.S. forces have responded by bombarding Iran, leading Iranian forces to retaliate by shooting missiles and drones at U.S. allies in the Gulf.

Here’s where fighting has taken place over the last week:

• Iranian strikes on ships: Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps has declared the Strait of Hormuz to be closed and fired on commercial ships it said were traveling through the waterway in territory that Iran does not control. Over the past week, Iranian forces have attacked at least four commercial vessels, including a liquefied natural gas tanker linked to Qatar. At least one Indian national was missing after an attack on the GFS Galaxy, a commercial ship, the Indian government said on Sunday.

• U.S. attacks on Iran: U.S. forces say they have hit more than 300 targets, mostly in southern Iran, since last Wednesday — by far the highest number of attacks since the cease-fire was agreed last month. They have sought to disable Iranian assets that enable them to menace passing ships, like coastal radar sites and missile and drone capabilities, according to the military.

  At least 17 people have been killed in the U.S. attacks, according to a spokesman for the Iranian health ministry. At least eight were identified in Iranian state media as soldiers. The U.S. bombardment has also damaged Iranian infrastructure, including a water pumping facility, according to Iranian state television.

  Iran has responded by attacking U.S. allies across the Middle East, saying that it has targeted sites in countries which host American military personnel and facilities.

• Jordan: Air defense systems in Jordan intercepted four missiles from Iran on Monday and no casualties or damage were caused, the armed forces said in a statement reported by state media. Iran’s Revolutionary Guards said they had targeted the country’s Prince Hassan Air Base, which is used by U.S. forces. Over the past week, Iran has attacked Jordan for the first time since April.

• Kuwait: Iran said it had fired missiles and drones at Kuwait on Monday, after targeting the country repeatedly over the past week. On Jul. 9, the Kuwaiti military said it had engaged four missiles and 10 drones fired from Iran. The military reported additional attacks on Jul. 12 and Jul. 13. The Revolutionary Guards took credit for Monday’s attack.

• Bahrain: Multiple air-raid alerts went off in Bahrain on Monday, according to the country’s interior ministry. Iran’s Revolutionary Guards said they had attacked the Isa Air Base, which has been used by U.S. forces. Bahrain’s military said it intercepted several aerial attacks and that they did not cause any casualties or damage. Bahrain has experienced multiple attacks by Iran since last week.

• Oman: Oman’s foreign ministry said on Sunday that Iranian drones had targeted sites in the northern Musandam Peninsula, next to the Strait of Hormuz, and the Al Batinah governorate. Oman has served as a mediator between the United States and Iran.